Cite DJ Wagner at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The speed of light has a maximum velocity of 2.99792458 x 10^8 m/s in a vacuum.
The index of refraction of some common materials are given below.
material | n | material | n |
Vacuum | 1 | Crown Glass | 1.52 |
Air | 1.0003 | Salt | 1.54 |
Water | 1.33 | Asphalt | 1.635 |
Ethyl Alcohol | 1.36 | Heavy Flint Glass | 1.65 |
Fused Quartz | 1.4585 | Diamond | 2.42 |
Whale Oil | 1.460 | Lead | 2.6 |
of Chemistry and Physics
v = c/n
Where
v = velocity of light through the medium
c = maximum speed of light in a vacuum
n = optical density or refractive index of media
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v(lead) = c/n(lead)= (299792458 m/s) /(2.6) = 115304791.538 m/s through lead.
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Dark Energy has a refractive index of ~<1. Though quite small Dark Energy still affects the speed, wavelength, frequency, and temperature of the photon-wave over great distances.
This is very important. I am beginning to think that the only constant is change.